Transitivity System in Different Spoken Discourses

The aim of this study was to describe the types of processes in transitivity systems used in various spoken discourses and the reasons of using them. This research applied descriptive qualitative design which relies on words to describe the phenomena. The documentation technique was used to achieve the aim of the study. The sources of the data were speech entitled of I Have a Dream by Marthin Luther King published in 1963; the sermon on the mount by Jesus of Nazareth published in 2012; and the song entitled of You Raise Me Up by Josh Groban in 2003. The findings showed that there were six types of processes in speech and sermon but not all types of them were used in the song. The types of processes found in the speech were 139 processes; dominantly was material process which was 60 (43%). There were 76 processes in sermon, and dominantly were 44 (57, 8%) material process; while there were 42 processes in the song; dominantly was 25 (59, 6%) material process. There were 6 reasons of using types of processes in different spoken discourses: 1) physical actions, 2) thinking actions, 3) identifying features, 4) speaking actions, 5) physiological actions and 6) actions that signal the existence of something/someone. It could be concluded that material process are found to be the most dominant in spoken discourse as it represents the process of doing.


Introduction
Systemic Functional Linguistics is a theory about language as a resource for making meaning which is situated in a context of situation and a context of culture. This theory also stresses on communication. In other words, it concerns with the relation between language and context in which it is used. It is known as meta-function. Saragih (2010:1) stated that meta-functions consists of 3 functions, namely; (1) Interpersonal function, (2) Ideational function, and (3) Textual function. First, Interpersonal function means that language is used to interact with others. Second, Ideational function means that the language is used to organize, to understand and to express our perceptions of the world and consciousness. Ideational function are divided into two, they are experiential function, where language is used to express experience, and logical function is encoded in the grammar as complex unit in which the clauses should be related each other and can take conclusion logically based on the clauses described in the text. Third, Textual function means that the language is used to organize experience. As with the clause as exchange, there is one major system of grammatical choice involved in this kind of meaning, this is the system of transitivity or process type.
Some of the studies about transitivity were conducted especially in relation to the spoken discourse. One of them was Harwiyati (2016) who found that all types of transitivity processes appeared in Joko Widodo's Speech and relational process was dominantly used in the utterances. Hemas and Ariyanti (2016) found that Emma Watson dominantly used mental process followed by material process in her speech. The underlying reason of its use was because she wanted to influence people to have more correct views of feminist movement. These processes were used to get the listeners' sympathy by showing her emotion, thinking, and inclination. These researches were just focused on the spoken discourse such as speech. Meanwhile, spoken discourse was also varied in forms such as speech, sermon, songs, etc. Therefore, a study in relation to these various forms of spoken discourse needs to be conducted in order to get a wider horizon of how the transitivity of processes works in these forms.

Method
This research applied descriptive qualitative design which focused on words rather than numbers. In some cases, numbers are used to indicate the frequency of each category in transcripts or the extent to which a form of action occurs. This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the use of processes in transitivity system in different spoken discourses through speech, sermon, and song. The data was analyzed by following these steps: (1) reading the transcript of the whole data source, (2) dividing the transcript of speech, sermon and song into clauses, (3) identifying and classifying the data that belongs to the transitivity system, (4) analyzing the data that belongs to the processes in transitivity system, (5) identifying each spoken discourse's reason in using types of processes in transitivity system, (6) drawing the conclusion.

Types of Processes in Transitivity System in Different Spoken Discourses
Theoretically, there are six types of processes in transitivity system proposed by Hallidayin Saragih (2006:03) namely Material process, Mental process, Relational process, Verbal process, Behavioral process, Existential process.
Empirically, all of these types of processes were found in spoken discourses such as speech and sermon. However, there were only material, mental, relational processes were found in the song. The analysis of the processes in different spoken discourses can be seen in this following data:

Data 1
When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence P1: Actor Pro: Material P2: Goal The word "wrote" belongs to material process since the word expresses physical action, and it also has two participants namely; the architects of our republic (actor) and the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence (goal).

Data 2
And those who Hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam Senser Pro: Mental Phenomenon The word "Hope" belongs to mental process since the word expresses the feeling or the thinking of people, and it also has two participants, namely Those who its mean some people (senser) and that the Negro needed to blow off steam(phenomenon).
Data 3 I Am happy to join with you Today Carrier Pro: Relational Attribute Cir: Loc: Temporal The word "am" belongs to relational process since the word assigns a quality of someone feeling, and it also has two participants, namely I (Carrier) and happy to join with you (Attribute). The word "say" belongs to verbal process since the word symbolically signaling that some people is saying, and it also has two participants, namely I (sayer) and to you (Receiver).

Data 5
One hundred years later the Negro Lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity Cir: Loc: Temporal Behaver Pro: Behavioral Cir: Loc: Spatial The word "Lives" belongs to behavioral process since the word focus on how the participant behave, and it also has one participant, namely The Negro (Behaver)

Data 6
That there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation Pro: Existential Existent Cir: Loc: Temporal The word "there are" belongs to existential process which is known by the word "there" and the word represent that something exist and it also has one participant namely insufficient funds (existent).

Data 7
Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth Pro: Material Goal Cir: Location The word "Lay not up" is a material process since the word expresses activity that people lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth. In data seven just found one participant namely for yourselves treasures (Goal).

Data 8
And why Behold Thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye Pro: Mental Senser Phenomenon The word "behold"is a mental process since the word expresses how someone perceives through him/her sense, and it also has two participants, namely thou (senser) and the mote that is in thy brother's eye (phenomenon).

Data 9
For where your treasure Is Token Pro: Relational The word "is" belongs to relational process since the word expresses identifying, and it also has one participants, namely for where your treasure (Token).

Data 10
For with what judgment Ye Judge Verbiage Sayer Pro: Verbal The word "judge"is a verbal process since the word symbolically signaling that someone is giving the opinion or estimate with other people and it also has two participants, namely ye (sayer) and For with what judgment (verbiage).

Data 10
And Ye shall find Behaver Pro: Behavioral The word "shall find"is a behavioral process since the word focus on how the participant behave which namely ye (Bahever).

Data 11
Or what man is there of you Existent Pro: Existential The word "is there" belongs to existential process since the word represent that something exists, and it also has one participant, namely what man (Existent).

Data 12
Until You Come Actor Pro: Material The word "come" belongs to material process since the word expresses activity that someone comes and it also has one participant, namely you (actor).

Data 13
And my heart Burdened Be Senser Pro: Mental Phenomenon The word "burdened" belongs to mental process since the word expresses how someone feel burdened in her/his heart and it also has two participants, namely my heart (Senser) and be (Phenomenon).

Data 14
When I Am Down Carrier Pro: Relational Attribute The word "am" belongs to relational process since the word expresses attributive, and it also has two participants, namely I (Carrier) and down (Attribute). The list of the total number of processes in different spoken discourses is presented in table 3.1.

The Reasons of Using Types of Processes in Transitivity System in different Spoken Discourses
According to Halliday (2008)  The examples of the data about the reasons of using the types of processes in transitivity system which were used in different spoken discourses can be seen as follows:

Data 15 Signed
The Emancipation Proclamation Pro: Material Goal This data belongs to physical actions because the word "signed" related to the real action done by the participant one call the actor since the word express activity that people signed the emancipation proclamation. In the speech entitled I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King, material process found as the most dominant process, it is because the speech indicates the activities or events and physical action about the historical background of the hatred and racial discrimination from which the Negro people had been suffering, the demand and the reasons for a struggle of justice.

Data 16
This note was a promise Token Pro: Relational value This data belongs to actions their identifying features because the verb "was" expresses identifying of "this note" as participants I and "a promise" as participant II. In the speech entitled I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King, relational process became the second dominant process, it is because the speech assigns a quality of someone feeling, and states of having their dreams.

Data 20
there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality Pro: Existential Existent This data belongs to actions that signal the existence of something/someone because the verb "there is" represented that something exists or happens.In the speech entitled I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King, existential process became the sixth dominant process. The result of the reasons of using types of processes in transitivity system which were used in different spoken discourses will be display in table 4.2 factor seem influence the use of the types of processes in transitivity system, it shown that all of the speakers use the same number of material process, mental process and almost all of the ranks of using the types of processes were same.
There are 6 reasons of using types of processes in transitivity system in different spoken discourses, namely; 1) physical actions, 2) thinking actions 3) identifying features 4) speaking actions 5) physiological actions 6) actions that signal the existence of something/someone. In this study, it was figured out that in the speech entitled This study related to Halliday (2008) stated that transitivity system is composed of six processes that represent human experience in terms of: physical and physiological actions (Material and Behavioral), thinking and speaking actions (Mental and Verbal) and actions that signal the existence of something/someone and their identifying features (Existential and Relational).