Implicature in The Devil Wears Prada Film

In the real life people cannot be separated from requirement to use language for a communication. However not all utterances in communication are clear, there are some utterances are implied. Speakers usually imply the meaning of an utterance when it is insinuating another. This condition can be found in “The Devil Wears Prada” film. The design of this study used descriptive qualitative method because in this study the data are taken from statements and utterances in conversation in “ The Devil Wears Prada ” film. The data of these researches were the sentences, speeches, dialogues used by the characters in the film. After finding and understanding the implicatures expressed in the film, the writer decided and identified the types of implicatures that mostly expressed by the speaker in the film. The writer found implicatures used in “The Devil Wears Prada” film, they are generalized and particularized conversational implicature. In this film most of speakers used particularized conversational implicature. Speakers produce generalized conversational implicature when no special knowledge in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning, it means that the participants in obey the cooperative principle and of cooperative hearers doing research, the writer understands what are implicatures and its type. She understands the reason of the speakers produce implied meanings in their the last, the writer gives the the next who interested in doing research in the same area they must make it be more complete analysis and look for the other unique conversation in other situation to give a new implicatures style.


Introduction
Grice in Brown and Yule (2004) explains that the term implicature is account for what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean, as distinct from what the speaker literally says. The language used is often contextual and interpretable. On the other hand, it has implied and intended meaning. At the same time, while using a language, the environments, circumstances and context are the important aspects, which must be referred (Brown and Yule, 2004). It means that context is on the particular occasion, context and that speakers are related to each other. The meaning of the sentence is right when a person knows who the speaker is, who the hearer is and what they mean to their own messages, so that is why context is important. Fort this reason, Grice (1975:21) suggests cooperative principles which has important role in implicature. In order to serve an efficient means of communication, he formulated a general principle of language in the basic rules or maxims. They are : (a) maxim of quantity (be brief); (b) maxim of quality (be true); (c) maxim of relation (relevant); (d) maxim of manner (be clear).
The theory of implicature is always interesting to learn, where language (spoken or written language) and context are inseparable. In spoken language, such as conversation, the language used is often contextual and inseparable, for example, the transcript of the film made from the situations that happen in this time, and it can be interpreted.

Generalized Conversational Implicature
Theoretically, a generalized implicature is a conversational implicature that is inferable without reference to a special context. Wen-Ji (2009) adds that in generalized conversational implicature, no special knowledge in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning.
Empirically, generalized conversational implicature can be seen in this following data:

Data 1
Context: In this following utterance happened when Miranda was talking on her cell phone, at the same time she walked along to Emily and Andy desks before entering her office. Then she dropped her coat on Andy"s desk and walked into her office. Then she dropped her coat on Andy"s desk and walked into her office.

Dialogue:
Emily: Second assistant also does coat. Andy: Coat? Analysis: Emily"s utterance can be said as implicature. It means that there is another meaning that is implied by Emily. In the context of situation, it can be analyzed that the utterance "Second assistant also does coat" presuppose both first and second assistant have same duty in hanging Miranda"s coat.
In this analysis, the utterance can be classified into generalized conversational implicature because no particular context is required in order to infer meaning. The hearer can easily understand what the speaker means; speaker makes her contribution as informative as is required by the hearer.

Particularized Conversational Implicature
Theoretically, a particularized implicature is a conversational implicature that is derivable only in a specific context. According to Wen-Ji"s (2009) explained that the particularized conversational implicature is implicature that focuses on violating the maxims of cooperative principle. It is one which depends on particular features of the context, so the hearer needs to pay more attention to understand speaker"s intention.
Practically, there were 3 types of violating maxims from speaker"s utterances in the conversations, such as: (a) violating manner maxim; (b) violating quality maxim; (c) violating relation maxim.

Violating Manner Maxim
To violate manner maxim, speaker tends to imply the obscurity expression, to give ambiguity or disorder remark.

Data 2
Context: In this following utterance is a situation where Andy will have appointment with a famous publication company, Elias Clarke exactly in Runway fashion magazine. She barely wears a simple outfit and put her old fashioned square bag, nothing to be compared to other job applicants who will look more attractive than Andy.

Dialogue:
Emily: Um … Andrea Barnes? Emily: Who put you up for this job? Andy: Human Resources sent me. Emily: They do have an odd sense of humor.

Analysis:
In Data 2, Emily"s utterance has no clarity with an implicit meaning that is not uttered by Emily directly. The utterance of Emily"s above also an example of violating maxim of manner (imply the obscurity expression), for that reason addressee will have difficulties to understand the statement.

Violating Quality Maxim
To violate quality of maxim, the first point is to speak false on purpose such as In the conversation between Andy and Salesgirl, the Salesgirl"s utterance can be said as implicature because she uses the long description to express sort answer. The speaker intends to violate maxim of relation, because salesgirl"s answer is irrelevant to Andy"s question. So, the utterance "Custommade for Miranda, silly" can be classified into particularized conversational implicature.
The implicature used in "The Devil Wears Prada" film can be seen in this following table.  (3) Violating Quality Maxim (6) Violating Relation Maxim (1)

Conversational Implicature
Brown and Yule in Dey and Abowd (2000) states that context is the most important influence on how messages are interpreted. Context includes all of the situations inside or outside the text which influences the language use, such as: languageusers and the situation where the language is used or produced. There are six types of context: physical context, inner context, symbolic context, relational context, situational context, and cultural context.

Data 7
Context: While in the conversation with Andy, suddenly Emily"s phone was ringing. A text message was sent to her by Miranda"s driver said that the icy editor-in-chief of Runway will be there in minute. At the same time, a black sedan pulls a sudden stop outside the office. Emily is shocked and hurriedly informed other co-workers to get ready when Miranda arrived.

Dialogue:
Emily: What the hell is she doing here?
Emily: She"s on her waytell everyone! Analysis: Emily"s statement is categorized as inner context, because her panic expression arises when Miranda showed up in sudden.

Situational Context
Context: This is a situation when Andy was hung out with some college friends in the pothouse. Dialogue:

Doug
: Here, take a drink. I will have a drink.
Nate : I will have a drink.

Andy
: I"d like to propose a toast. To jobs that pay the rent. Analysis: The inference of the utterance "to jobs that pay the rent is categorized as situational context, because it intends to convey the fact that live in New York they have to spent much salary especially in paying rent of apartment. Situational context 3

Discussion
There were two findings on this research. The first was about the classification of implicature and the second was about the reasons of using those implicatures in The Devil Wears Prada Film.
The first finding of this research revealed that there were two types of implicatures in this film. They were categorized as generalized and particularized conversational implicature, as it was in line with the division made by Adam and Nikolas (1996). In particularized conversational implicature, there were three types of violating maxims. They were violating manner maxim, violating quality maxim, and violating relation maxim. However, Wen-Ji (2009) explained that there were four violating maxims; such as violating quantity maxim, violating quality maxim, violating relation maxim, violating manner maxim. The finding in this research did not fully match the theory since there were only three out of four types of implicatures.
The second findings of this research that the reason of implicatures use in the film are based on the context of each data which uttered by the speakers. The writer