WHAT AND HOW SHOULD THE PUBLIC SPEAKING BE? : A LITERATURE REVIEW

Public speaking is a kind of or a part of art of delivering speech in front of the audiences. It is also the art of communication science effectively and properly. However, in many social circumstances and contexts of public speaking, many speakers still seemingly anxious and cannot effectively and properly deliver their speech. This may happen due to some reasons such as unfamiliar with the topic, the background of the audience, lack of language mastery (for example English), the ways and norm, and rules as well to speak in public. This paper attempt to mainly discusses about the nature of public speaking, the common types of public speaking, factors affecting the public speaking, and public speaking in a multilingual world.


Introduction
It is a fact that the business environment of the 21st century is expanding to include people from cultures and countries around the world.It takes special skills to communicate across these many cultures.However, not everybody has skills to communicate effectively in cross cultural setting in public.
It is not a secret that people who are about to speak of an unknown public, he or she psychologically usually does not have a good night sleep the day before the big presentation.This situation usually happens to the new and inexperienced speaker.
However, the same thing sometimes also occurs to natural and experienced speakers.refers to a speech presentation.In addition, it is a publicly speaking to an audience with intent to inform, demonstrate, explain or persuade.
In terms of rapid development of information and communication technology, today, the art of public speech has been transformed by newly available technology such as video conferencing, multimedia presentations, and other non-traditional forms, but still the basic elements remain the same.However, still public speaking is very important and essential for those who interact with audience.In line with the importance of the public speaking, experts propose some reasons why public speaking is becoming more and more essential nowadays.
First, it helps the speaker win over the crowds.Being able to speak and present one's ideas coherently and attractively in front of thousands of people such as at a company meeting or a conference is not easy.However, practicing this skill will help overcome the fear of public speaking, and builds the confidence to deliver the message.
Second, it motivates people.Speakers with excellent public speaking skills have helped many audiences make a turning point in their lives.What they convey can make others boldly start or stop something or simply re-establish their own goals in life.Public speaking can be a powerful motivator and future-oriented for so many people.
Third, it develops critical thinking.Public speaking makes your brain work at full capacity, especially it triggers it ability to think critically.A speaker with critical thinking will be more openminded and better to understand others' points of view.Critical thinkers can see both sides of any issue and are more likely to generate bipartisan solutions.
In addition, in line with the importance and benefits as well of the public speaking, Vu (2023) mention there about 7 (seven) reasons to inspire why public speaking is important and essential.They are as follows:

It improves Communication Skills
Actually, public speaking involves both verbal and non-verbal communication.You need to have a strong vocabulary along with a command over the language you're going to speak in.Practice is critical here because when you get up on the podium, you cannot afford to stutter or use fillers.You'll need to have a professional grasp over the language you're using for your audience to listen to you.So by practising your speech, you're practising your communication skills.Now, a public speaker doesn't just speak well, you've got to listen well, too.Many speakers neglect to listen to their audience, but the body language, silences, questions and level of interaction from the crowd in front of you are the real indicators of how you are performing.
Reading the room means you can change your body language and method of delivery to grab the room's attention.These are non-verbal communication skills and they're super important.
A perfect combination of verbal and non-verbal communication ensures that there is no room for miscommunication or misunderstanding.Be it a meeting room or a classroom, public speaking is sure to help your communication skills.

It instills confidence
Facing an audience is a nerve-wracking task, so when you come through it and can present your topic successfully, it adds a lot to your confidence.With regular practice, you get rid of the fear of public speaking until it becomes second nature to you.If you're about public speaking at work, regular presentations help you become much more self-assured in your professionalism.If you're doing it in the classroom, you become confident about presenting your project and engaging in healthy debates with others.The confidence gained doesn't just stay within the limits of public speaking, it spills over into other aspects of your life.Regular performances can reduce general anxiety in life and can help you be more independent in your everyday decisions.\

It leads to leadership opportunities
The confidence and knowledge gained through effective public speaking makes people look up to you and value what you have to say on a particular topic.Your judgements start to matter and people listen to you more because of the way you speak and present yourself.In a professional setting, this could lead to management opportunities.At school, you might be chosen to be the official representative of an event that requires a student with a strong, clear voice.Whatever the situation, an able leader needs to complete several tasks simultaneously instruct, delegate duties, negotiate, convince, and create trust among their team.All of these require you to have excellent communication skills and teamwork skills, all of which come from your public speaking skills.

It expands social connections
Why public speaking is important?Never underestimate the power to hold a conversation.
Public speaking not only makes you aware of that power, but also it helps you develop fruitful relationships and expand your social horizons.Doing so makes you part of stimulating conversations, in which you can become aware of contradictory views, learn to listen well, network better, and even create long-lasting relationships.When you show confidence and passion in your communication, it makes people interested to listen and take part in the discourse.Once you're done with your speech, there is usually a chance to interact with your audience, get their feedback, respond to questions and look at viewpoints that are different from your own.That opens doors to new possibilities and potentially becomes a stepping stone to your next venture, your new college, or a friend for life.

It develops critical thinking
It is generally believed that the public speaking prompts you to use your brain power to the max.Let's say you've forgotten a part of your speech.You can't allow yourself to panic in that situationinstead, try to remember the speech outline and phrase your words to convey the same meaning.Doing this forces you to think on the spot and makes your brain work on its ability to judge and analyse a problem, as well as work to a solution.This is critical thinking.As a critical thinker you should be able to utilise the information you have, in any situation, and find a solution to it.Doing this in front of a crowd can be pretty scary, but the added pressure could just give you the boost you need.
Take another example.You're giving a product presentation; the demonstration began with a bang, you've got a good audience, and everything is on track.However, midway through the presentation you feel the energy dip in the room and you know you must act fast to get the attention back.This is where you use your critical thinking skills to adapt; you change your speaking style, approach, and body language to lure them back.

It provides recognition
The fact that you are a capable public speaker with excellent leadership and social skills will eventually make people recognize you.They will respect you for your knowledge, study your public speaking skills and techniques like you used to do in your learning stages, would love to be associated with you, and probably quote you in one of their conversations.Plus, gaining recognition also means that you get to widen your scope and explore areas and meet people you never thought would have been possible.But with great power comes great responsibility.

You cannot slow down just because you've become famous. You need to keep your brain sharp
and your mind open to new information, ideas, and possibilities.

It inspires others
The culmination of all the above-mentioned benefits is what brings us to this last pointinspiring others.Your journey of being a speaker can be healing and motivational for many, especially in this digital age where we come across many influencers who have started from zero, fought through their insecurities, and achieved a significant following while inspiring others to do the same.
You can also be a mentor or a guide to people sharing the same interests as yours.You can promote noble causes, as now more and more people are willing to listen to you and are inspired to make positive changes to the lives of others.You will have the power to impact people's lives and their decisions because you have decided to use your words wisely and effectively.

Demonstrative speaking
This type of public speaking requires being able to speak clearly and concisely to describe actions and to perform those actions while speaking.What is a demonstrative speech?Demonstrative speech explains and teaches an audience how to do a specific thing.
Even if you're an expert at your topic, the process of writing a demonstrative speech which assures the audience has learned something new is essential.It then also can be challenging.
As a demonstrative speaker, one will be their guides, taking them through a process of 'show and tell', and covering each step from start to finish.It's like an engaging 'how-to' speech.
Also the demonstrative speech is known as explanation speeches or a demonstrative presentation.It relies more on logic and information as opposed to emotion although (to truly capture the audience's attention), we must try and add an emotional element to these functional speeches as well (continue reading).
In terms of length of the speech, the demonstrative speeches can be as short as six minutes ('How to do origami') or go on for more than two hours ('How to start an online and awareness.This also can make the audience involved and have emotional connectedness with the speech itself.

b) Establish speaker credibility
It is a fact that when one is delivering a demonstrative speech, the audience is much expecting to learn something from the speaker.To do so, the speaker uses the beginning moments of his or her speech to establish why you are qualified to speak on that particular topic.It's also a great way to involve story-telling right from the beginning of your speech.For example, if you're topic is 'How to earn passive income', a personal story on how you created a better life for yourself using passive income would be quite an engaging way to start your speech while establishing credibility for yourself.
c) The story After speaker has established why topic presented is important for the audience as well as why the audience are the right persons to learn of the particular topic, now it is the main point your speech -'how to' part.This point is also called diving into each point with a story.
This point, you show your expertise and competence regarding to the topic.Here you have to speak in a manner that is easy for the audience to comprehend.In many occasions of demonstrative speech setting, although the speech delivered sticks on its functional core, still it is important to keep the audience engaged.And experts say one may use the best way known as 'telling a story.'To this, speaker may start off with summary of all the points and the dive into each of them.Similarly, the speaker can start off with the points in chronological order and reveal each new point as and when it flows.
d) Question and Answer (Q and A) After the speaker has done 'how to' speech, and he or she strongly believes everything has been covered all the necessary topics, he or she also believes that audience may ask their own unique challenging questions that may have not be addressed by the speaker.In this point, it is necessary to set aside some time for a short Q n A session.This moment allows more active interaction between the speaker and the audience and also allows them to get their personal issues relating the topic of the speech.

e) Options and Variations
To make the speech more well-rounded and interesting, it is necessary to add in variation of the main topic.This allows the audience to relate to other aspects of your overall topic as well.For example, if you're talking about 'How to speak in front of an audience full of children', you can also shed some light on 'How to speak in front of an audience full of senior citizens' just to add some more variety to your overall speech.

f) Summary
At the end of it, summarize your entire speech.You have just taken the audience through a whole ride of how to do something.To ensure that they take home the necessary points, reiterate each of your steps and key takeaways to conclude your speech.

Informative speaking
Many people would rather go see an impassioned political speech or a comedic monologue than a lecture.Although informative speaking may not be the most exciting form of public In short, the informative speeches are speeches that are designed to teach the audience about a specific topic.There are several characteristics of informative speeches that set them apart from other speech types.If you are asked to give an informative speech, it is important to pick a topic that interests you and that you already know something about.
With informative speaking, the speaker is trying simply to explain a concept to the audience members.College lecture courses involve informative speaking as do industry conferences and public officials sharing vital information.In this type of speaking, the information is what is important.The speaker is not trying to get others to agree with him or to show them how to do something for themselves.Rather he is disseminating vital information.

Persuasive Speaking
Advertisement is one of the examples of persuasive speech.The sellers have a goal to convince buyers to buy their product.We also use a persuasive speech in debates and legal proceeding.
Linguists argue that the words of 'belief,' 'conviction,' 'opinion,' 'sentiment,' and 'view' are some common synonyms of persuasion.All these words mean "a judgment one holds as true," persuasion suggests a belief grounded on assurance (as by evidence) of its truth.Then, the judgment of truth must be based on evidence, fact, and proof as well.In terms of public speaking, generally, persuasive speeches aim to convince the audience to believe a certain view.In more comprehensive definition, (Angela De Schrijver in https://penandthepad.com/info-8758314speech-presentation.html/4/5/2022)states that persuasive speech presentation is given to influence the audience in such a way as to convince them to think or believe the way you think or believe.She further adds that it can be based on factual information or an opinion.The goal is to prompt the audience to take action in some way, whether it is to purchase a product, sign a petition or to donate money to a cause.For instance, politicians give speeches to persuade citizens to vote for them in an election and sales people deliver speeches to encourage consumers to buy their products.
Similarly, other definition states that a persuasive speech is a specific type of speech in which the speaker has a goal of convincing the audience to accept his or her point of view.The speech is arranged in such a way as to hopefully cause the audience to accept all or part of the expressed view.Though the overarching goal of a persuasive speech is to convince the audience to accept a perspective, not all audiences can be convinced by a single speech and not all perspectives can persuade the audience.The success of a persuasive speech is often measured by the audience's willingness to consider the speaker's argument.
To have a good persuasive speech or speaking, there are some key points to understand such as 1) persuasive speeches can come in many forms, such as sales pitches, debates, and legal proceedings, 2) Persuasive speeches may utilize the three modes of persuasion: ethos, pathos and logos, 3) Ethos is the most important appeal in a persuasive speech, 4) Factors such as body language, the willingness of the audience, and the environment in which the speech is given, all affect the success of a persuasive speech, 5) Audience analysis is important in a The ultimate doormat word.This down player makes what we are saying less important.Saying "I just have a question" makes the question seems insignificant.

I was just thinking
This includes the weak "just", and then tells people we are thinking.When are we not thinking?
It makes our thoughts sound less important.

Sorry
There is a time and place for apologies.Too often this word is used in emails and conversations before asking a question or for a favor.Over apologizing turns you into a doormat.

I will say
This phrasing is overused in presentations.It takes away from a profound message.Why tell someone what you will say?Say it.The cousins of this phrase include: 'in conclusion ', 'I will start by telling you', etc.

I want to start by…:
It is similar to 5.This weakens the messaging and kills the pacing.This useless phrase creates an exit ramp for people to tune out of what you are saying.This hedging style phrase shows that you question your own wording.It's often used when someone doesn't want to be blamed or held accountable for a thought or action.

I will try
11.And so on and so forth…: Let go of all phrases that don't add anything.If you wouldn't pay for the words in a 30-second commercial, drop them.Other similar ones include, 'as a matter of fact ', 'case in point ', etc.
business')!So choose a topic depending on the amount of time you have been allotted.Here are some speech topic options that might help you: a) How to perform yoga to help you in your life & career b) How to edit your photographs online?c) A 'how-to' guide on copy-writing d) How to negotiate your salary?e) How to be less nervous at parties f) How to speak on stage with more confidence g) How online businesses are changing the world and how you can start one too h) How to manage stress in a digitized world?i) How to unlock creative potential?In closing, a demonstrative speech is a great way of teaching an audience a lesson or skills and we've used to before (knowingly or otherwise) and we'll probably need to use it again.As long as we know the right topics to select, how to write an effective 'how-to' speech and deliver it while being our truest self, it'll be just what our audience needsa simple yet ridiculously helpful speech.Actually, there are some basic outlines how demonstrative speech should be such as the purpose, the reason etc., that must be mastered by the speaker.In line with the basic outline, the topic and he Purpose When you deliver the demonstrative speech, firstly you have to state the topic and purpose of the speech.To state the purpose of the speech will arouse the audience interest, curiosity,

12.
You know what I meanan outright "no" or refusal can seem rude and too blunt.People in high-context cultures place more importance on nonverbal elements of communication, such as tone of voice, eye movements, and facial expressions.c) Body language.People in one culture may take offense if you stand too close to them or too far away.For example, a Norwegian executive may feel uncomfortable and crowded if someone invades their personal space, which in their culture is a distance of up to three meters.In Saudi Arabia, the personal space requirement is much lower, and even complete strangers typically stand very close to one another to speak.Then, other important points to remember when speaking in cross-cultural context include: a) Value of time.People from different cultures place different values on time.In some cultures, such as Latin America, for example, there's less emphasis on punctuality than there is in Switzerland.In Mexico, you'd be expected to finish a conversation with a colleague, even if it made you late to a business meeting, b) Control of feelings and emotions.Certain cultures are more comfortable showing their emotions.In France and Italy, most people are fine with displaying their emotions outwardly, while people in Japan and the United Kingdom tend to keep tight control of their emotions in public.An excited speaker in Italy may speak loudly and emphatically, while those tactics may embarrass a Japanese listener.https://www.globesmart.com/blog/9-tips-for-high-impact-presentations-acrosscultures/3/8/2020.c) The eye contact.It often is also a potential barrier.Those from Continental Europe, for example, are known to make more eye contact than those from Britain and the United States.d) Another consideration is facial expressions Smiling also important to consider when speaking in global world.French and Russians tend to smile less than other cultures, which can make them appear cold or unfriendly.It is important to note when speaking to a global audience, it is imperative for public speakers to suspend ethnocentric judgments and engage audiences in an open, tolerant, g) Be mindful of body language, eye contact and personal space.Posture, mannerisms and eye contact speak volumes and what is taken for granted in one culture might be considered offensive in another (https://www.toastmasters.org/resources/publicspeaking-tips/speaking-to-diverse-audiences/4/4/2022).As generally known that public speaking in a multicultural world demands that you learn to adjust to other cultures, as well as adapt to how people from other culture will respond to you, the public speaker.Also, public speaking in a multicultural world is basically finding what you and your audience have in common, focusing on the similarities, showing respect for your differences and adapting to their listening preferences.By having well-informed regarding the similarities and differences in terms of perceptions, cultural value in communication, behavior, or even stereotypes among others, you will know what to do and not what to do.In addition, your speech could be run effectively and appropriately.In line with the multicultural world speech, Tom Antion, in his book, Ultimate Guide to Professional Speaking, recommends some tips for speaking in a multicultural world: a) Know your audience As with any audience, learn as much as you can about the audience before your presentation.b) Find common goals Discover what you have in common and concentrate on the similarities, rather than the differences.c) Show respect for other cultures Avoid being perceived as ethnocentric, the tendency to believe that our culture is superior to others.If your audience members feel as if you are attacking their culture, they will inwardly defend themselves and tune you out.d) Learn to pronounce their names This is especially important if you will be calling on members of your audience or introducing one of them.e) Adapt to their listening preferences and reactions Audiences respond to speakers in various ways around the world.Learn all the nuances you can about how an audience may react.
Most people will give some sort of ceremonial speech during their lifetime.These speeches mark special occasions.These occasions may range from formal situation such as business meeting, seminar, campus orientation, and or graduation to less and or informal context such as weddings, social gathering, birthday party, office holiday parties and or funerals.Actually, the ceremonial speaking typically involves a toast and is personal with an intimate emotional connection to people hearing it.
states there are four primary types of public speaking such as ceremonial, demonstrative, informative and persuasive.On the other hand, Anglea De Schrijver concludes that all types of speeches fall into three main categoriesinformative, persuasive and motivational (https://penandthepad.com/info-8758314-speech-presentation.html/4/8/2020/).Now have a look each type of public speaking as mentioned before.1.Ceremonial speakingIn terms of the goal, generally the goal of a ceremonial speech is to captivate the audience and create a felt sense in response to the situation or occasion.The occasion will, of course, inform what kind of experience the speaker is creating.To note the different occasions, have different expectations for speakers based on values that they rely on such as inspiring, commemorating, accepting, or unifying.